Age at first birth in women is genetically associated with increased risk of schizophrenia
Ni G., Gratten J., Wray NR., Lee SH., Ripke S., Neale BM., Corvin A., Walters JTR., Farh K-H., Holmans PA., Lee P., Bulik-Sullivan B., Collier DA., Huang H., Pers TH., Agartz I., Agerbo E., Albus M., Alexander M., Amin F., Bacanu SA., Begemann M., Belliveau RA., Bene J., Bergen SE., Bevilacqua E., Bigdeli TB., Black DW., Bruggeman R., Buccola NG., Buckner RL., Byerley W., Cahn W., Cai G., Campion D., Cantor RM., Carr VJ., Carrera N., Catts SV., Chambert KD., Chan RCK., Chen RYL., Chen EYH., Cheng W., Cheung EFC., Chong SA., Cloninger CR., Cohen D., Cohen N., Cormican P., Craddock N., Crowley JJ., Curtis D., Davidson M., Davis KL., Degenhardt F., Del Favero J., Demontis D., Dikeos D., Dinan T., Djurovic S., Donohoe G., Drapeau E., Duan J., Dudbridge F., Durmishi N., Eichhammer P., Eriksson J., Escott-Price V., Essioux L., Fanous AH., Farrell MS., Frank J., Franke L., Freedman R., Freimer NB., Friedl M., Friedman JI., Fromer M., Genovese G., Georgieva L., Giegling I., Giusti-Rodríguez P., Godard S., Goldstein JI., Golimbet V., Gopal S., Haan LD., Hammer C., Hamshere ML., Hansen M., Hansen T., Haroutunian V., Hartmann AM., Henskens FA., Herms S., Hirschhorn JN., Hoffmann P., Hofman A., Hollegaard MV., Hougaard DM., Ikeda M., Joa I., Juliá A., Kahn RS., Kalaydjieva L., Karachanak-Yankova S., Karjalainen J., Kavanagh D., Keller MC., Kennedy JL., Khrunin A., Kim Y., Klovins J., Knowles JA., Konte B., Kucinskas V., Kucinskiene ZA., Kuzelova-Ptackova H., Kähler AK., Laurent C., Keong JLC., Legge SE., Lerer B., Li M., Li T., Liang K-Y., Lieberman J., Limborska S., Loughland CM., Lubinski J., Lönnqvist J., Macek M., Magnusson PKE., Maher BS., Maier W., Mallet J., Marsal S., Mattheisen M., Mattingsdal M., McCarley RW., McDonald C., McIntosh AM., Meier S., Meijer CJ., Melegh B., Melle I., Mesholam-Gately RI., Metspalu A., Michie PT., Milani L., Milanova V., Mokrab Y., Morris DW., Mors O., Murphy KC., Murray RM., Myin-Germeys I., Müller-Myhsok B., Nelis M., Nenadic I., Nertney DA., Nestadt G., Nicodemus KK., Nikitina-Zake L., Nisenbaum L., Nordin A., O’Callaghan E., O’Dushlaine C., O’Neill FA., Oh S-Y., Olincy A., Olsen L., Os JV., Pantelis C., Papadimitriou GN., Papiol S., Parkhomenko E., Pato MT., Paunio T., Pejovic-Milovancevic M., Perkins DO., Pietiläinen O., Pimm J., Pocklington AJ., Powell J., Price A., Pulver AE., Purcell SM., Quested D., Rasmussen HB., Reichenberg A., Reimers MA., Richards AL., Roffman JL., Roussos P., Ruderfer DM., Salomaa V., Sanders AR., Schall U., Schubert CR., Schulze TG., Schwab SG., Scolnick EM., Scott RJ., Seidman LJ., Shi J., Sigurdsson E., Silagadze T., Silverman JM., Sim K., Slominsky P., Smoller JW., So H-C., Spencer CCA., Stahl EA., Stefansson H., Steinberg S., Stogmann E., Straub RE., Strengman E., Strohmaier J., Stroup TS., Subramaniam M., Suvisaari J., Svrakic DM., Szatkiewicz JP., Söderman E., Thirumalai S., Toncheva D., Tosato S., Veijola J., Waddington J., Walsh D., Wang D., Wang Q., Webb BT., Weiser M., Wildenauer DB., Williams NM., Williams S., Witt SH., Wolen AR., Wong EHM., Wormley BK., Xi HS., Zai CC., Zheng X., Zimprich F., Stefansson K., Visscher PM., Adolfsson R., Andreassen OA., Blackwood DHR., Bramon E., Buxbaum JD., Børglum AD., Cichon S., Darvasi A., Domenici E., Ehrenreich H., Esko T., Gejman PV., Gill M., Gurling H., Hultman CM., Iwata N., Jablensky AV., Jönsson EG., Kendler KS., Kirov G., Knight J., Lencz T., Levinson DF., Li QS., Liu J., Malhotra AK., McCarroll SA., McQuillin A., Moran JL., Mortensen PB., Mowry BJ., Nöthen MM., Ophoff RA., Owen MJ., Palotie A., Pato CN., Petryshen TL., Posthuma D., Rietschel M., Riley BP., Rujescu D., Sham PC., Sklar P., Clair DS., Weinberger DR., Wendland JR., Werge T., Daly MJ., Sullivan PF., O’Donovan MC.
AbstractPrevious studies have shown an increased risk for mental health problems in children born to both younger and older parents compared to children of average-aged parents. We previously used a novel design to reveal a latent mechanism of genetic association between schizophrenia and age at first birth in women (AFB). Here, we use independent data from the UK Biobank (N = 38,892) to replicate the finding of an association between predicted genetic risk of schizophrenia and AFB in women, and to estimate the genetic correlation between schizophrenia and AFB in women stratified into younger and older groups. We find evidence for an association between predicted genetic risk of schizophrenia and AFB in women (P-value = 1.12E-05), and we show genetic heterogeneity between younger and older AFB groups (P-value = 3.45E-03). The genetic correlation between schizophrenia and AFB in the younger AFB group is −0.16 (SE = 0.04) while that between schizophrenia and AFB in the older AFB group is 0.14 (SE = 0.08). Our results suggest that early, and perhaps also late, age at first birth in women is associated with increased genetic risk for schizophrenia in the UK Biobank sample. These findings contribute new insights into factors contributing to the complex bio-social risk architecture underpinning the association between parental age and offspring mental health.